Effectiveness of MP3 coding depends on the music genre: evaluation using semantic differential scalesEffectiveness of MP3 coding depends on the music genre: evaluation using semantic differential scales Peer-Reviewed Journal Publication Δημοσίευση σε Περιοδικό με Κριτές 2024-04-182022enMPEG-1 Layer 3 (MP3) is one of the most popular compression formats used for sound and especially for music. However, during the coding process, the MP3 algorithm negatively affects the spectral and dynamic characteristics of the audio file being compressed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect the MP3 coding format for different music genres and different bitrates via listening tests in which the original uncompressed files and the compressed files are compared. For this purpose, five different music genres were selected (rock, jazz, electronic, classical and solo instrument), and the files were compressed in three different bitrates (96 kbps, 160 kbps and 320 kbps). The semantic differential method was used, and ten bipolar scales were selected for the listening tests (e.g., better–worse, more distortion–less distortion, etc.). The following are the most important findings of this study: classical music was negatively affected the most among the genres due to the MP3 compression (lowest ratings in 8 out of 10 bipolar scales), the solo instrument was least affected among the genres (highest rating in 7 out of 10 bipolar scales), and for higher bit rates, the differences in ratings were small for all music genres. The findings of this study could be used to optimize and adapt the standard, depending on the music genre and the musical piece that needs to be encoded.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Acoustics43704–719Papadakis_et_al_Acoustics_4(3)_2022.pdfChania [Greece]Library of TUC2024-04-18application/pdf1.9 MBfree Papadakis Nikolaos Παπαδακης Νικολαος Aroni Ioanna Stavroulakis Georgios Σταυρουλακης Γεωργιος MDPI MP3 MPEG-1 Layer 3 Compression algorithm Compression artifacts Lossy compression Listening test Semantic differential