Efficiency in banking: does the choice of inputs and outputs matter?Efficiency in banking: does the choice of inputs and outputs matter? Peer-Reviewed Journal Publication Δημοσίευση σε Περιοδικό με Κριτές 2022-04-202020enThis paper examines banking efficiency using recent data from PIGS countries (i.e., Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain), which suffer from debt problems. We employ a two-stage approach based on the effect of several items of balance sheets on cash flows and data envelopment analysis (DEA). More specifically, we extend previous studies by giving attention to the deposit dilemma. The reported results show that the choice of inputs and outputs does matter in the case of European banking efficiency. Although the role of deposits is controversial, we find that deposits may be an output variable, owing to liquidity issues that play a major role in the efficiency of PIGS' banking sector. We also report that the DEA model with deposits as an output variable generates efficiency scores that fall between periods. These results are helpful to bank managers and financial analysts dealing with efficiency modelling.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/International Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics102129- 148 Floros, Christos Zopounidis Konstantinos Ζοπουνιδης Κωνσταντινος Tan Yong Lemonakis Christos Λεμονακης Χρηστος Garefalakis Alexandros Tabouratzi Efthalia Inderscience PIGS Banking sector Efficiency Deposits dilemma Two-stage approach Cash flows DEA Data envelopment analysis Regression