Forecasting of methane gas in underground coal mines: univariate versus multivariate time series modelingForecasting of methane gas in underground coal mines: univariate versus multivariate time series modeling Peer-Reviewed Journal Publication Δημοσίευση σε Περιοδικό με Κριτές 2025-07-252023enMining operations provide the coal required to satisfy more than 36% of the electricity demand worldwide. Coal mining releases methane gas which constitutes a significant risk for the safety of coal miners working underground. Therefore, early warning of rising methane gas concentrations is critical to preventing accidents and loss of life. The prediction of methane concentration is complicated by its dependence on many factors and the presence of stochastic fluctuations. This paper introduces a new forecasting approach for methane gas emissions in underground coal mines. The proposed approach employs univariate and multivariate time series forecasting methods. Multivariate methods incorporate barometric pressure as a predictor of gas concentration. The data used herein were collected from the Atmospheric Monitoring Systems of three active underground coal mines in the eastern USA. The performance of three time series methods is compared: the univariate autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), the multivariate vector autoregressive (VAR), and ARIMA with exogenous inputs (ARIMAX). The optimal model per method (ARIMA, VAR, ARIMAX) is selected based on the Akaike Information Criterion. The forecasting performance is assessed using cross-validation to determine the best overall model. It is concluded that all three methods can, in most cases, satisfactorily predict methane gas concentrations in underground coal mines.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment3762099–2115 Diaz Juan Agioutantis Zacharias Αγιουταντης Ζαχαριας Christopoulos Dionysios Χριστοπουλος Διονυσιος Luxbacher Kray Schafrik Steven Springer Multivariate forecasting Time series analysis Methane gas Underground coal mines Autocorrelation ARIMA ARIMAX VAR