Impact of partially damaged passive protection on the fire response of bolted steel connections using finite element analysisImpact of partially damaged passive protection on the fire response of bolted steel connections using finite element analysis Peer-Reviewed Journal Publication Δημοσίευση σε Περιοδικό με Κριτές 2025-07-092023enThis article aims to quantify the impact of a potential failure of passive fire protection on the ultimate response of a top and seat steel connection with double web angles. A numerical, finite element analysis scheme is proposed considering the real, semi-rigid behaviour of the connection, using unilateral contact-friction laws between the interfaces of the beam, the column, and the steel angles. The model has been validated by previous experimental research at ambient temperatures. Scenarios of unprotected connections, undamaged and partially damaged fire protections are numerically tested. A change in the failure mode and a reduction of the strength equal to 28% for standard fire and 35% for hydrocarbon fire arise for the model with the damaged protection. In this case, maximum temperatures locally at the beam reach the ones of the unprotected connection (900 °C), which is more than 800 °C higher than the connection with undamaged protection. Significant temperature increases of more than 288 °C and 406 °C for standard and hydrocarbon fires also arise on the top angle, compared to the model with undamaged fire protection.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Case Studies in Thermal Engineering49Singh_et_al_Case Stud. Therm. Eng._49_2023.pdfChania [Greece]Library of TUC2025-07-09application/pdf5.0 MBfree Singh Iksha Stavroulakis Georgios Σταυρουλακης Γεωργιος Drosopoulos Georgios Δροσοπουλος Γεωργιος Elsevier Fire protection Bolted steel connection Sequential thermal-structural analysis Unilateral contact