Absolute calibration of the Chinese HY-2B altimetric mission with Fiducial Reference measurement standardsAbsolute calibration of the Chinese HY-2B altimetric mission with Fiducial Reference measurement standards Peer-Reviewed Journal Publication Δημοσίευση σε Περιοδικό με Κριτές 2025-07-032023enThis research and collaboration work aims at the calibration and validation (Cal/Val) of the Chinese HY-2B satellite altimeter based upon two permanent Cal/Val facilities: (1) the China Altimetry Calibration Cooperation Plan in Qingdao, Bohai Sea and the Wanshan islands, China and (2) the permanent facility for altimetry calibration established by the European Space Agency in Crete, Greece. The HY-2B satellite altimeter and its radiometer have been calibrated and monitored using uniform, standardized procedures, as well as protocols and best practices, and they also built upon trusted and indisputable reference standards at both Cal/Val infrastructures in Europe and China. The HY-2B altimeter is thus monitored in a coordinated, absolute, homogeneous, long-term and worldwide manner. Calibration of altimeters is accomplished by examining satellite observations in open seas against reference measurements. Comparisons are established through precise satellite positioning, water level observations, GPS buoys and reference models (geoid, mean dynamic topography, earth tides, troposphere and ionosphere), all defined at the Cal/Val sites. In this work, the final uncertainty for the altimeter bias will be attributed to several individual sources of uncertainty, coming from observations in water level, atmosphere, absolute positioning, reference surface models, transfer of heights from Cal/Val sites to satellite observations, etc. Through this project, the procedures, protocols and best practices, originally developed in the course of the ESA FRM4ALT project, are updated, upgraded and followed at both Cal/Val facilities in Europe and China. All in all, the HY-2B satellite altimeter observes the sea level quite well and within its specifications.This research was funded by the Dragon 5 Project. This is a cooperation between ESA and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of China. Dragon 5 focuses on the exploitation of Copernicus Sentinels, Chinese, ESA and ESA Third Party missions EO data for geo-science and applications’ development. Part of this research is funded by the European Union and the European Space Agency grant number [4000136863/21/I-NB].http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Remote Sensing155Mertikas_et_al_Remote Sens._15(5)_2023.pdfChania [Greece]Library of TUC2025-07-03application/pdf37.2 MBfree Mertikas Stylianos Μερτικας Στυλιανος Lin Mingsen Piretzidis Dimitrios Πιρετζιδης Δημητριος Kokolakis Konstantinos Κοκολακης Κωνσταντινος Donlon Craig Ma Chaofei Zhang Yufei Jia Yongjun Mu Bo Frantzis Xenofon Φραντζης Ξενοφων Tripolitsiotis Achilleas Τριπολιτσιωτης Αχιλλεας Yang Lei MDPI Satellite altimetry Calibration Validation Sea surface HY-2B altimeter