Engineering IoT-based open MAS for large-scale V2G/G2VEngineering IoT-based open MAS for large-scale V2G/G2V Peer-Reviewed Journal Publication Δημοσίευση σε Περιοδικό με Κριτές 2025-05-052023enIn this paper, we aimed to demonstrate how to engineer Internet of Things (IoT)-based open multiagent systems (MASs). Specifically, we put forward an IoT/MAS architectural framework, along with a case study within the important and challenging-to-engineer vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) energy transfer problem domain. The proposed solution addresses the important non-functional requirement of scalability. To this end, we employed an open multiagent systems architecture, arranging agents as modular microservices that were interconnected via a multi-protocol Internet of Things platform. Our approach allows agents to view, offer, interconnect, and re-use their various strategies, mechanisms, or other algorithms as modular smart grid services, thus enabling their seamless integration into our MAS architecture, and enabling the solution of the challenging V2G/G2V problem. At the same time, our IoT-based implementation offers both direct applicability in real-world settings and advanced analytics capabilities via enabling digital twin models for smart grid ecosystems. We have described our MAS/IoT-based architecture in detail; validated its applicability via simulation experiments involving large numbers of heterogeneous agents, operating and interacting towards effective V2G/G2V; and studied the performance of various electric vehicle charging scheduling and V2G/G2V-incentivising electricity pricing algorithms. To engineer our solution, we used ASEME, a state-of-the-art methodology for multiagent systems using the Internet of Things. Our solution can be employed for the implementation of real-world prototypes to deliver large-scale V2G/G2V services, as well as for the testing of various schemes in simulation mode.This paper is an extended version of our paper published in PAAMS2022—The 21st International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, L’Aquila, Italy, 13–15 July 2022.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Systems113Spanoudakis_et_al_Systems_11(3)_2023.pdfChania [Greece]Library of TUC2025-05-05application/pdf1.2 MBfree Spanoudakis Nikolaos Σπανουδακης Νικολαος Akasiadis Charilaos Iatrakis Georgios Ιατρακης Γεωργιος Chalkiadakis Georgios Χαλκιαδακης Γεωργιος MDPI Internet of things (IoT) Open multiagent systems Smart grid Engineering multiagent systems (EMASs) Digital twin