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International trends in water tariffs policy for the supply of reclaimed water for reuse purposes

Pliatsika Petroula

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Summary

Water, as an essential commodity for human survival, is an attraction for studies aimed at the protection, conservation, and proper management of water. Specifically, in this thesis the focus is on pricing methods for reclaimed water and international pricing policies for reclaimed water for reuse. Water reuse is a radical way to save and reduce water waste. The way in which this is achieved is through the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) where the wastewater will undergo primary, secondary and tertiary treatment based on legislation to produce a final product (reclaimed water) which is not discharged to the receiving body e.g., the sea as this liquid comes from the reuse stream of the wastewater treatment plant. Additional disinfection methods are often used to protect public health and the environment and to achieve quality characteristics within legal limits. The reclaimed water after treatment can be used for various purposes such as irrigation, water supply, industrial use, recreation, groundwater recharge, etc. For the application of reclaimed water, guidelines and regulations that have been set at local and global level are followed. In more detail, reference is made to World Health Organization guidelines, regulations, and provisions per continent and European legislation, including the case of Greece with Regulation EU 2020/741 - water reuse. The last and most important part of this work is the demonstration of methodologies for water pricing including the concept of costing and analyzing the total cost of water. In this respect, the total cost of water consists of three costs: financial, natural resource and environmental costs. Based on this and with the help of the economic analysis and the cost-benefit analysis methods, the factors and everything that needs to be calculated to obtain an operational invoice that is as operational as possible were considered. Attention was also paid to the concept and to finding a calculation of environmental costs. Finally, cases around the world with a strong interest in the pricing policies used depending on the use of reclaimed water (irrigation, water supply and industry) are mentioned. The tariffs they apply have common elements based on the pricing methods that exist, but most of the time each region adapts the tariffs to its own data, following the legislation and the economic situation. These areas have severe water shortages and water problems such as water scarcity and drought. The regions where the events took place are Sindh province in Pakistan, Israel, cities in Australia, Singapore, Valencia and Tarragona in Spain, California, Austin and South Orange in the USA, Amman in Jordan.

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