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Energy management and Real-Time operation of microgrids of large building complexes

Kyriakou Dimitra

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Summary

The present and future conditions in the energy market impose extremely high standards to the operation of building energy systems. Moreover, distribution networks face new operational and technical challenges as a result of the rapid penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and other forms of distributed generation. Consequently, Active Distribution Networks (ADNs) will play a crucial role in the exploitation of smart building prosumers, smart grids and RES.In this work, advanced, fully parametric systems for the optimal energy management and real-time joint operation of large building complex microgrids and the hosting active distribution network is developed. The examined energy systems include buildings scaling from simple residential ones up to mega office or commercial buildings, single Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) up to large PEV parking lots, local power generators, PVs and wind turbines. The modeling of the examined system’s components is performed, including those of the thermal and electrical loads of the buildings with the latter being divided in critical and non-critical loads that can be shifted in time. Moreover, a dynamic equivalent aggregate battery model for the cluster of PEVs hosted by the parking lots of the microgrid is developed. Finally, building local power generation units modeling is carried out and suitable optimal power flow algorithms are applied to ADNs hosting microgrids of building prosumers. The ADN-microgrid joint operation scheduling is executed with the purpose of minimizing microgrid’s total energy cost on the assumption of the operation under variable electricity price. Specifically, it provides the optimal total electric power demand of the HVAC systems and optimally shifts building non-critical electrical loads. Moreover, the charging of the hosted PEVs and the operation of the local power generation units are optimally scheduled. Efficient optimization techniques are first applied at microgrid scale to facilitate the optimization process and sub-optimization problems are then solved in order to optimally dispatch the total power demand of microgrid to its components. To this end, suitable flexibility indices are developed for each type of microgrid component. At the same time, a large number of constraints including all the operation and technical constraints of the components of the microgrid and the active distribution network it is connected to, are satisfied. Moreover, the microgrid is able to provide frequency support. Frequency support is enhanced and optimized by suitably exploiting the flexibility of building prosumers and PEVs. Frequency is also supported by adjusting the power of the building local generation units and by suitably adjust their non-critical loads in an optimal way according to their flexibility. In addition, the reactive power is optimally regulated in order to maintain the local voltages of the microgrid and the hosting distribution network within the permissible limits. All the developed models at different microgrid integration levels and algorithms are verified through the simulation of realistic case studies.

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