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Simulation of fractured wells

Dimopoulou Nikoleta

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Summary

Since the world is in constant need of energy sources and even if the renewablesource energy plays and will play a key role in the increasing energy demands, the world will continue to be insufficient in sustainable energy. Thus unconventional reservoirs (tight/shale gas, tight oil, oil sands) will play an important part in satisfying the ever-increasing future energy demands, a fact that has drawn the attention of the petroleum industry. The declining oil and gas supply from conventional reservoirs combined with the drastic increase in unconventional oil and gas contribution has led us to the conclusion that unconventionals will hold a leading role in the global energy mix in the future. The difficult part is estimating the reserves and predicting future oil or gas well production of these types of reservoirs. An easy and relatively quick wayof evaluating a well performance based on past production history data is the decline curve analysis. But when it is implemented in tight or shale reservoirs, the outcome might be unacceptable and unsatisfying probably due probably to ultra-low permeabilities and heterogeneities of the reservoir. All of the aforementioned led to the development of this thesis.In the first part some of the basic features of gas and oil shales and tight-gas sands reservoirs are presented, simultaneously with the assertive recovery solutions. Then a Capacitance-Resistance Model is used that was proposed firstly by Shahamat (2014) in order to show the equivalence between electrical and petroleum engineering. The continuous succession of pseudo-steady states is introduced to entitle the application of depletion equations through a step-by-step process to analyze the behavior of the reservoir during transient and boundary dominated flow.In the second part, the produced CRM model is compared with an analytical solution in order to verify the results and examine the reliability of the model which was proposed, for forecasting production rates during transient flow and BDF. Then both of these solutions are compared with results of two different reservoir numerical simulators, ECLIPSE 100 and IMEX-CMG. The conclusions that were made from this study are presented in the last section.

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