Against a backdrop of a critical review of mainstream, more or less naturalistic conceptions of scarcity, an alternative Marxist approach stresses the role of the prevailing capitalist mode of production in the determination of scarcity. Capitalism tends to a systemic increase of scarcity, intensified further by economic crisis and the recently exacerbated socio-ecological crisis. Grasping this tendency requires a deeper analysis of the dynamics of accumulation and the increasing demise of the value form. On the other hand, there are good reasons to expect increasing abundance under communist conditions. Reversal of scarcity into increasing abundance may arguably be ensured only through transition to communist organization of production. This exploration and comparison may shed additional light on both the ecological implications of contemporary capitalism and social dynamics extending beyond capitalism.