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Development of a hollow fibre liquid phase microextraction method to monitor thesonochemical degradation of explosives in water

Psyllaki Eleftheria, Mantzavinos Dionysis, Kalogerakis Nikos

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Περίληψη

A novel method for the enrichment of nitroaromatic compounds present in water samples is presented here coupling hollow fibre liquidphase microextraction (LPME) with gas chromatography. A hydrophobic porous polypropylene hollow fibre was used as the interface betweenthe donor water sample and microvolumes of the acceptor organic phase. Parameters such as extraction solvent, stirring rate, salt concentrationand sampling time were studied and optimised. Overall, extraction of 11 nitroaromatics was achieved by exposing 3l of toluene for 20 minin a 5 ml stirred aqueous solution at room temperature. The developed protocol yielded a linear calibration graph in the concentration range10–500g l−1 and the limits of detection were calculated to range between 0.29 and 0.87g l−1. Precision expressed in terms of relativestandard deviation varied between 6.1 and 11.8%. The developed hollowfibreLPMEmethodwas subsequently used successfully to monitor thesonochemical degradation of an aqueous solution containing 100g l−1 of each target analyte at an ultrasonic frequency of 80 kHz. Ultrasonictreatment was found capable of efficiently removing the 2-, 3- and 4-nitrotoluene isomers as well as the 2- and 4-amino dinitrotoluene isomerswithin 300 min of irradiation. The rest of the analytes were more recalcitrant and significant removal was not observed even after prolongedtimes of ultrasonic irradiation.

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